Guido Mannaioni obtained his MD in 1991 and his PhD in toxicology and pharmacology in 2001. He has won numerous awards; among them NARSAD Young Investigator Award in 2001 and the Relevant National Scientific Interest Program from the Italian government in 2006 and 2008. He has a strong background in pharmacological science and neuroscience. In particular, he was productive in studying the interactions between ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurodegenerative disorders. He studied the pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptors and electrophysiological and calcium imaging recordings in numerous brain regions. He then became interested in the research involving Protease Activated Receptors (PARs) in brain functions and he became involved in a project studying the importance of PARs activation in hypoxic insults in the brain and in probing neuronal – glial interactions, studying a novel means for the regulation of neurotransmission. He has a strong clinical background on different toxins causing hepatic encephalopathy and the modulation of excitatory neurotransmission.